Activation Maximization with a Prior in Speech Data

Sho Inoue; Tad Gonsalves

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13

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Activation Maximization with a Prior in Speech Data

Sho Inoue, Tad Gonsalves

Published in American Journal of Computer Science and Technology (Volume 4, Issue 3)

Received: 30 July 2021 Accepted: 13 August 2021 Published: 31 August 2021

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Abstract

Recently, more and more studies regarding neural networks have been done. However, the learning process of neural networks is often elusive to human beings, which leads to the advent of feature visualization techniques. Activation Maximization (AM) is one of the feature visualization techniques, originally designed for image data. In AM, the input data is optimized to find the data that activates the selected neuron. In this paper, the emotion recognizer’s output is selected as the neuron, and the latent code of a generator (of Generative Adversarial Networks) is optimized instead of the input raw data. The aim of this study is to apply AM to different representations of audio data (waveform-based data and mel-spectrogram-based data) and different model structures (CNN, WaveNet, LSTM), and to find out the most suitable condition for AM in audio domain data. Additionally, we have also tried to visualize the essential features of being a certain class for emotion classification in speech data, using 2 datasets: the Toronto emotional speech set (TESS) and the Ryerson Audio-Visual Database of Emotional Speech and Song (RAVDESS). The mel-spectrogram-based models were found to be superior to the others, showing the distinctive features of selected emotions. More specifically, the CNN-mel-spectrogram-based model was the best in both qualitative and quantitative (FID score) results. Moreover, as demonstrated in this study, AM can also be employed as an output enhancer for generative models.

Published in	American Journal of Computer Science and Technology (Volume 4, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13
Page(s)	75-82
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Deep Learning, Signal Processing, Feature Visualization, Activation Maximization, GAN

References

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APA Style

Sho Inoue, Tad Gonsalves. (2021). Activation Maximization with a Prior in Speech Data. American Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 4(3), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13

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ACS Style

Sho Inoue; Tad Gonsalves. Activation Maximization with a Prior in Speech Data. Am. J. Comput. Sci. Technol. 2021, 4(3), 75-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13

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AMA Style

Sho Inoue, Tad Gonsalves. Activation Maximization with a Prior in Speech Data. Am J Comput Sci Technol. 2021;4(3):75-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13,
  author = {Sho Inoue and Tad Gonsalves},
  title = {Activation Maximization with a Prior in Speech Data},
  journal = {American Journal of Computer Science and Technology},
  volume = {4},
  number = {3},
  pages = {75-82},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajcst.20210403.13},
  abstract = {Recently, more and more studies regarding neural networks have been done. However, the learning process of neural networks is often elusive to human beings, which leads to the advent of feature visualization techniques. Activation Maximization (AM) is one of the feature visualization techniques, originally designed for image data. In AM, the input data is optimized to find the data that activates the selected neuron. In this paper, the emotion recognizer’s output is selected as the neuron, and the latent code of a generator (of Generative Adversarial Networks) is optimized instead of the input raw data. The aim of this study is to apply AM to different representations of audio data (waveform-based data and mel-spectrogram-based data) and different model structures (CNN, WaveNet, LSTM), and to find out the most suitable condition for AM in audio domain data. Additionally, we have also tried to visualize the essential features of being a certain class for emotion classification in speech data, using 2 datasets: the Toronto emotional speech set (TESS) and the Ryerson Audio-Visual Database of Emotional Speech and Song (RAVDESS). The mel-spectrogram-based models were found to be superior to the others, showing the distinctive features of selected emotions. More specifically, the CNN-mel-spectrogram-based model was the best in both qualitative and quantitative (FID score) results. Moreover, as demonstrated in this study, AM can also be employed as an output enhancer for generative models.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Activation Maximization with a Prior in Speech Data
AU  - Sho Inoue
AU  - Tad Gonsalves
Y1  - 2021/08/31
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13
T2  - American Journal of Computer Science and Technology
JF  - American Journal of Computer Science and Technology
JO  - American Journal of Computer Science and Technology
SP  - 75
EP  - 82
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-012X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13
AB  - Recently, more and more studies regarding neural networks have been done. However, the learning process of neural networks is often elusive to human beings, which leads to the advent of feature visualization techniques. Activation Maximization (AM) is one of the feature visualization techniques, originally designed for image data. In AM, the input data is optimized to find the data that activates the selected neuron. In this paper, the emotion recognizer’s output is selected as the neuron, and the latent code of a generator (of Generative Adversarial Networks) is optimized instead of the input raw data. The aim of this study is to apply AM to different representations of audio data (waveform-based data and mel-spectrogram-based data) and different model structures (CNN, WaveNet, LSTM), and to find out the most suitable condition for AM in audio domain data. Additionally, we have also tried to visualize the essential features of being a certain class for emotion classification in speech data, using 2 datasets: the Toronto emotional speech set (TESS) and the Ryerson Audio-Visual Database of Emotional Speech and Song (RAVDESS). The mel-spectrogram-based models were found to be superior to the others, showing the distinctive features of selected emotions. More specifically, the CNN-mel-spectrogram-based model was the best in both qualitative and quantitative (FID score) results. Moreover, as demonstrated in this study, AM can also be employed as an output enhancer for generative models.
VL  - 4
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Sho Inoue

Department of Information & Communication Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
Tad Gonsalves

Department of Information & Communication Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan

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APA Style

Sho Inoue, Tad Gonsalves. (2021). Activation Maximization with a Prior in Speech Data. American Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 4(3), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13

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ACS Style

Sho Inoue; Tad Gonsalves. Activation Maximization with a Prior in Speech Data. Am. J. Comput. Sci. Technol. 2021, 4(3), 75-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13

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AMA Style

Sho Inoue, Tad Gonsalves. Activation Maximization with a Prior in Speech Data. Am J Comput Sci Technol. 2021;4(3):75-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13,
  author = {Sho Inoue and Tad Gonsalves},
  title = {Activation Maximization with a Prior in Speech Data},
  journal = {American Journal of Computer Science and Technology},
  volume = {4},
  number = {3},
  pages = {75-82},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajcst.20210403.13},
  abstract = {Recently, more and more studies regarding neural networks have been done. However, the learning process of neural networks is often elusive to human beings, which leads to the advent of feature visualization techniques. Activation Maximization (AM) is one of the feature visualization techniques, originally designed for image data. In AM, the input data is optimized to find the data that activates the selected neuron. In this paper, the emotion recognizer’s output is selected as the neuron, and the latent code of a generator (of Generative Adversarial Networks) is optimized instead of the input raw data. The aim of this study is to apply AM to different representations of audio data (waveform-based data and mel-spectrogram-based data) and different model structures (CNN, WaveNet, LSTM), and to find out the most suitable condition for AM in audio domain data. Additionally, we have also tried to visualize the essential features of being a certain class for emotion classification in speech data, using 2 datasets: the Toronto emotional speech set (TESS) and the Ryerson Audio-Visual Database of Emotional Speech and Song (RAVDESS). The mel-spectrogram-based models were found to be superior to the others, showing the distinctive features of selected emotions. More specifically, the CNN-mel-spectrogram-based model was the best in both qualitative and quantitative (FID score) results. Moreover, as demonstrated in this study, AM can also be employed as an output enhancer for generative models.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Activation Maximization with a Prior in Speech Data
AU  - Sho Inoue
AU  - Tad Gonsalves
Y1  - 2021/08/31
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13
T2  - American Journal of Computer Science and Technology
JF  - American Journal of Computer Science and Technology
JO  - American Journal of Computer Science and Technology
SP  - 75
EP  - 82
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-012X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcst.20210403.13
AB  - Recently, more and more studies regarding neural networks have been done. However, the learning process of neural networks is often elusive to human beings, which leads to the advent of feature visualization techniques. Activation Maximization (AM) is one of the feature visualization techniques, originally designed for image data. In AM, the input data is optimized to find the data that activates the selected neuron. In this paper, the emotion recognizer’s output is selected as the neuron, and the latent code of a generator (of Generative Adversarial Networks) is optimized instead of the input raw data. The aim of this study is to apply AM to different representations of audio data (waveform-based data and mel-spectrogram-based data) and different model structures (CNN, WaveNet, LSTM), and to find out the most suitable condition for AM in audio domain data. Additionally, we have also tried to visualize the essential features of being a certain class for emotion classification in speech data, using 2 datasets: the Toronto emotional speech set (TESS) and the Ryerson Audio-Visual Database of Emotional Speech and Song (RAVDESS). The mel-spectrogram-based models were found to be superior to the others, showing the distinctive features of selected emotions. More specifically, the CNN-mel-spectrogram-based model was the best in both qualitative and quantitative (FID score) results. Moreover, as demonstrated in this study, AM can also be employed as an output enhancer for generative models.
VL  - 4
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download